| Passive RFID | Battery-free tag | Up to about 1–10 m | Zone or checkpoint level | None for the tag; reader-powered | Primarily indoor; affected by metal and liquids | Very low tag cost, compact form factor, and maintenance-free operation | Requires fixed readers; does not provide continuous long-range tracking | Inventory control, access points, libraries, and item identification |
| Active RFID | Battery-powered tag | About 30–100 m indoors; farther in open areas | Several meters to zone level | Battery-powered; typically months to several years depending on beacon rate | Indoor and controlled outdoor environments | Longer range than passive RFID and suitable for automatic asset detection | Battery replacement is required; infrastructure can be costly | Industrial assets, hospital equipment, containers, and warehouse operations |
| Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) | Battery-powered beacon | About 10–50 m indoors; up to about 100–300 m line-of-sight with suitable hardware | About 1–10 m with signal-strength positioning | Low power; commonly months to several years | Strong indoor performance; usable outdoors with nearby gateways | Low energy consumption, widely supported, and relatively affordable infrastructure | Signal strength varies with walls, people, metal, and device orientation | Personnel safety, room-level asset tracking, retail, and proximity alerts |
| Ultra-Wideband (UWB) | Battery-powered tag | About 10–50 m indoors; up to roughly 100 m with clear line of sight | Typically about 10–30 cm | Battery-powered; often months to more than a year depending on update frequency | Excellent indoors; also suitable for defined outdoor sites | High precision and strong performance for real-time location systems | Requires compatible anchors or gateways and usually costs more than BLE | Manufacturing, forklifts, robotics, tool tracking, and precise worker safety |
| Wi-Fi Positioning | Wi-Fi-enabled tag | About 30–100 m per access point indoors | About 5–20 m, depending on access-point density | Higher power consumption; rechargeable or replaceable battery is common | Best indoors where Wi-Fi infrastructure already exists | Can use existing network infrastructure and support direct data communication | Higher energy use and variable accuracy; dense layouts improve results | Enterprise assets, equipment carts, and location-aware facility services |
| GNSS / GPS | Satellite-connected tracker | Global outdoor coverage where satellite signals are available | Typically about 3–10 m in open outdoor areas | Moderate to high power; battery life depends on reporting interval and network use | Excellent outdoors; weak or unavailable indoors, underground, and near obstructions | Wide-area tracking without local positioning anchors | Requires satellite visibility and usually a separate cellular or satellite data connection | Vehicles, shipments, field equipment, livestock, and outdoor personnel |
| Cellular IoT | Wide-area connected tag | Typically several kilometers from a cellular site; coverage depends on the network | About 50–1,000 m using network positioning; better when combined with GNSS | Moderate power; low-power modes can support months or years of battery life | Outdoor and wide-area deployments; indoor coverage varies by network | Direct wide-area connectivity without local gateways | Requires network coverage and subscription costs; positioning alone may be coarse | Fleet monitoring, remote assets, supply chains, and distributed equipment |
| LoRaWAN | Low-power wide-area tag | About 2–5 km in dense areas; up to roughly 10–15 km in open rural areas | Typically about 50–200 m using signal-based positioning | Very low power; battery life can reach several years with infrequent updates | Outdoor, campuses, farms, and selected industrial or urban sites | Long communication range, low energy consumption, and low data costs | Lower positioning precision and requires gateway coverage | Environmental monitoring, agricultural assets, utility equipment, and large sites |
| Infrared / Optical IR | Battery-powered badge or tag | Usually 5–15 m per receiver or room | Room or line-of-sight level | Low to moderate power; battery life depends on transmission frequency | Indoor environments with controlled lighting and receiver placement | Reliable room-level identification when line of sight is available | Blocked by walls and objects; sunlight can interfere with some systems | Healthcare rooms, staff presence, and controlled indoor zones |